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Donald Davidson (1917-2003)

美国著名哲学家戴维森(Donald Davidson)逝世 北京大学哲学系网站·学术进展 2003年09月2日
Donald Davidson(1917-2003),二十世纪下半叶最重要的哲学家之一, 于8月30日逝世。在他逝世之前,Davidson是加利福利亚大学伯克利分校哲学系Willis S. and Marion Slusser哲学教授。Davidson的思想,体现在1960年以来发表的一系列论文中,主要集中于心灵哲学、语言哲学、形而上学和认识论,但是对伦理学以及自80年代以来美国实用主义的复兴也产生了重要影响。Davidson的工作显示出罕见的广度和深度,也显示出一种统一的和系统的特征,这在20世纪的分析哲学中非同寻常。虽然Davidson承认他主要是受到Quine的影响,但是他的思想实际上来自于一系列广泛的源泉,包括Quine、C. I. Lewis、Frank Ramsey、Immanuel Kant 和晚期的Wittgenstein。而且,Davidson以非凡的哲学创造力把这些分离的源泉整合起来,对知识、行动、语言和心灵问题提供了一个统一的探讨。在二十世纪的分析哲学史上,他是唯一与Quine并驾齐驱的最有影响的分析哲学家。 1917年3月6日生于Massachusetts的小镇Springfield,Davidson在哈佛大学完成他的本科学业,于1939年毕业。他的早期兴趣是文学和古典学,但是,在念本科的时候,Davidson就受到A. N. Whitehead的有力影响。1941年,Davidson完成了他在古典哲学领域的研究生学业,被授予硕士学位。然而,第二次世界大战迫使他暂时中断学业:1942-1945年期间,他加入美国海军,在地中海服兵役。战后,他继续他在古典哲学方面的研究生学业,1949年以论柏拉图 的Philebus获得博士学位。虽然这篇论文很少被提及,它实际上重要地影响了Davidson后来的哲学方法论。不过,从这个时候起,在Quine的影响下,Davidson的思想方向发生了急剧变化:他放弃他早期的文学-历史的兴趣,开始转向分析哲学。
Davidson的第一个学术位置是在纽约的皇后学院,他的早期的哲学生涯的大部分时间是在斯坦福大学度过的(1951-1967),此后他分别任教于普林斯顿大学(1967-1970)、洛克菲勒大学(1970-1976)、芝加哥大学(1976-1981),伯克利加利福利亚大学(1981-2003)。Davidson是众多的学术荣誉的接受者,访问过世界上许多大学。1984年,Davidson与Marcia Cavell(哈佛大学哲学教授Stanley Cavell的前妻)结婚。
除了1957年与P. Suppes合写了一本关于决策论的著作之外(Decision-Making: An Experimental Approach, with P. Suppes, Stanford: Stanford University Press, reprinted, 1977, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Midway Reprint Series. )Davidson的哲学著作都是以单篇论文的形式发表的,自1980年以来,这些著作分为五卷由牛津大学出版社出版:
1. Essays on Actions and Events (1980). 2. Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation (1984). 3. Subjective, Intersubjective, Objective (2001). 4. Problem of Rationality (forthcoming). 5. Truth, Language and History (forthcoming).
Davidson的哲学激起了大量的批判性的讨论和研究,主要的著作包括:
1. Evnine, Simon, 1991, Donald Davidson, Cambridge: Polity Press. 2. Fodor, Jerry and Ernest LePore, 1992, Holism: A Shopper"s Guide, Oxford: Blackwell. 3. Hahn, Lewis Edwin (ed.), 1999, The Philosophy of Donald Davidson, Library of Living Philosophers XXVII, Chicago: Open Court. 4. Kotatko, Petr, Peter Pagin and Gabriel Segal (eds.), 2001, Interpreting Davidson, Stanford: CSLI Publications. 5. LePore, Ernest (ed.), 1986, Truth and Interpretation: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 6. LePore, Ernest and Brian McLaughlin (eds.), 1985, Actions and Events: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 7. Malpas, J. E., 1992, Donald Davidson and the Mirror of Meaning, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8. Preyer, Gerhard, Frank Siebelt and Alexander Ulfig (eds.), 1994, Language, Mind and Epistemology, Dordrecht: Kluwer. 9. Ramberg, Bjorn, 1989, Donald Davidson"s Philosophy of Language: An Introduction, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 10. Stoecker, Ralf (ed.), 1993, Reflecting Davidson, Berlin: W. de Gruyter. 11. Zeglen, Ursula M. (ed.), 1991, Donald Davidson: Truth, meaning and knowledge, London: Routledge.
(徐向东)
Donald Davidson, one of the most significant philosophers of the 20th century, recently died. Before he died, Davidson is professor of philosophy at the University of California at Berkeley. His work ranges over problems in philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, metaphysics, and epistemology. Recent papers include "Objectivity and Practical Reason," "Truth Rehabilitated," and "Perils and Pleasures of Interpretation." During the past few years he has taught graduate seminars on Quine"s epistemology, theories of predication and truth, and truth-conditional semantics.
Davidson was born 6 March, 1917 in Springfield, Massachusetts. He studied English, Comparative Literature and Classics in his undergraduate years at Harvard. In his sophomore year at Harvard, Davidson attended two classes that made a lasting impression on him. These two classes on philosophy were taught by Alfred North Whitehead in the last year of his career. Davidson was then accepted to graduate studies in philosophy at Harvard, where his teacher was Willard Van Orman Quine. Quine set Davidson on a course in philosophy quite different from that of Whitehead. Subsequently, Davidson did his dissertation on Plato"s Philebus.
According to Davidson, "The central thesis that emerged was that when Plato had reworked the theory of ideas as a consequence of the explorations and criticisms of the Parmenides, Sophist, Theaetetus, and Politicus, he realized that the theory could no longer be deployed as a main support of an ethical position, as it had been developed in the Republic and elsewhere." Davidson"s dissertation topic is mentioned only in passim in most encyclopedia entries. This is unfortunate, for one can see the development of Davidson"s philosophical method in his dissertation. More important, one can trace Davidson"s epistemological position back to Plato"s.
Davidson"s most profound influences on contemporary philosophy stem from his philosophy of mind and action. However, Davidson"s philosophical positions in action theory and philosophy of mind are intrinsically tied into his work on the semantics of natural languages. Davidson"s apprenticeship in philosophy took place in a very different intellectual milieu than that of today. The middle of the century was dominated, at least in the Anglo-American philosophical community, by Logical Positivism. Davidson recalls that he got through graduate school at Harvard by reading an anthology of Logical Positivism by Feigl and Sellars. Logical positivism emerged in the Austro-Hungarian empire early in this century. Influenced by the logicist project of Bertrand Russell and Gottlob Frege on the one hand, and profound advances in science on the other, the Logical Positivists of the Vienna Circle turned to physics as a model of theoretical discourse and considered sensory experiences fundamental. Although Logical Positivism was not entirely a unified movement, one principle was more or less shared by major philosophers of that bent. This principle, known as the Verification Principle, states that the meaning of sentences can be accounted for in terms of experiences that would verify them. Logical Positivism also placed hopes in reductionism: the reduction of all special sciences to physics, and of all meaningful statements to reports about sensory experiences. In his famous paper, Two Dogmas of Empiricism, Davidson"s teacher Quine challenged two central tenets of logical positivism: reductionism and the analytic/synthetic distinction. Davidson has been greatly influenced by Logical Positivism, but self-admittedly took up Quine"s project and continued to challenge certain basic precepts. In fact, in his own paper, On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme, Davidson does away with what he considers the third and last dogma of empiricism: the dogma of the dualism of scheme and reality.
There are two leading motifs in Donald Davidson"s philosophy. One has to do with the fact that mental phenomena resist being "captured in the nomological net of physical theory." The other motif concerns the problem of analyzing the explanatory force of agent"s reasons for his actions. It is Davidson"s contention that reason explanation is a form of causal explanation
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